Highlights—A Story of Incision

Incisions are stratigraphically important in that they record removal of previously deposited strata, and can represent sequence boundaries. Here, Ullah et al. describe scour surfaces at the top of the Ferron Sandstone Member (Cretaceous, Mancos Shale Formation, Henry Mountains, Utah) that include individual channel stories. This study shows that confluence scours have diagnostic fill facies (single set of large steep foresets) and do not produce multi-storey sand bodies. The results, coupled with modern analog studies, suggest that the maximum depth of confluence scours by autogenic process may reach up to four to five times the average depth of the incoming channels. Consequently, allogenic incised valleys (e.g., at sequence boundaries) can be defined in ancient systems only in situations wherein the erosional relief is more than five times average channel depth, markedly deeper than the thickest fully preserved storys, which in a braided stream are likely to represent confluence scour fills. Examples of autogenic modification of allogenically formed incised valleys suggest that both allogenic forcing and autogenic feedback can act simultaneously in fluvial systems.

Confluence scours versus incised valleys: examples from the Cretaceous Ferron Notom delta, southeastern Utah, U.S.A.by Mohammad S. Ullah, Janok P. Bhattacharya, and William R. Dupre

Highlights—Tectonics and Toxicity Take Triassic Platform to Task

A lasting question in carbonate geology asks how isolated platforms—the sites of prolific and rapid sedimentation—can drown. To explore how platform drowning occurs, Minzoni et al. document patterns within backstepping platform margin architecture that led up to the drowning of the Yangtze Platform (Triassic, South China).  Results reveal that a combination of mechanisms—anoxic basin development and tectonic subsidence/syndepositional faulting—led to drowning of the platform by sinking into toxic bottom waters. Although such a combination of mechanisms is not commonly interpreted as cause of platform demise, the abundance of anoxic tectonically active basins in the stratigraphic record suggests that the combination may be a widespread cause of platform drowning, and patterns of architecture and evolution documented here provide criteria for recognizing tectonically induced drowning in other basins. Finally, the paper philosophically explores the tragedy of platform drowning, and the sense of loss felt at yet another perfectly good platform gone under.

Drowning of the Triassic Yangtze Platform, south China, by tectonic subsidence into toxic deep waters of an anoxic basin by Marcello Minzoni, Daniel J. Lehrmann, Erich Dezoeten, Paul Enos, Paul Montgomery, Adrian Berry, Yanjiao Qin, Yu Meiyi, Brooks B. Ellwood, and Jonathan L. Payne

Highlights—Setting the Bar: Unit Bars and Point Bars

Many studies of fluvial systems utilize one-dimensional profiles (measured sections) and bedding and facies architecture to predict 3D architecture and grain size change. Here, Wu et al. use extensive plan-view exposures coupled with vertical cliff exposures to document channel plan-form, channel-belt dimension, bar migration patterns (translation versus expansion), and cross-sectional facies architecture in the Cretaceous Ferron Notom Delta complex. The data reveal the presence and dominance of small-scale unit bars on point-bar deposits. Commonly under-recognized in ancient deposits, these unit bars are ubiquitous features of modern fluvial systems, and may form important parts of fluvial reservoirs.

Paleohydrology and 3D facies architecture of ancient point bars, Ferron Sandstone, Notom Delta, south-central Utah, U.S.A.  by Chenliang Wu, Janok P. Bhattacharya, and Mohammad S. Ullah

Highlights—The Rise and Fall of Lakes

Rapid tectonic and climate changes can markedly influence lake extent and character, with distinct expression along- and across-strike. Ghinassi et al. suggest that although the morphological along-strike variability of lacustrine coasts is relatively well understood, the nature and signature of this variability on the sedimentological and stratigraphic record of lacustrine systems is poorly documented. This study documents how lacustrine water-level oscillations are recorded in different depositional systems along strike in late Holocene shoreline deposits of Lake Hayk of Ethiopia. The results illustrate low-relief margins with fluvial-deltaic systems and high-relief margins with collvial fan deltas and stromatolitic biostromes. The data reveal possible pitfalls of classical stratigraphic approaches used to establish along-strike correlation between lacustrine sedimentary successions, important for paleoenvironmental studies, subsurface exploration and stratigraphic investigations.

Lacustrine facies in response to millennial-century scale climate changes (Lake Hayk, northern Ethiopia) by Massimiliano Ghinassi, Filippo D’Oriano, Marco Benvenuti, Mariaelena Fedi and Stanley Awramik

Highlights—Cratonic Carbonate Condensation

Over Phanerozoic time scales, sedimentary records from the continental interior, or craton, tend to be thinner and less stratigraphically complete than coeval deposits from the continental margin, where subsidence allows marine basins to accumulate thick sedimentary records. Here, Brady tests whether the relationship between subsidence and stratigraphic completeness holds true at the finer temporal scales during which facies and cycles accumulate. The results of a quantitative comparison of Devonian carbonate records from the craton and continental margin suggest that, over this ~5 m.y. time period, the thin cratonic record is a result of low sedimentation rates and submarine omission, rather than minimal subsidence and increased potential for subaerial exposure. This study demonstrates how a quantitative approach can lead to new insights into important (non-)depositional processes and towards improved sampling strategies when comparing sedimentary records from distinct basins.

Stratigraphic completeness of carbonate-dominated records from continental interiors versus continental margins: stratigraphic thinning occurs via condensation and omission at multiple scales by Mara E. Brady